2017.10.28 托福TOEFL綜合寫作Theories of Play機經真題題源解析
The Theory of Play 「All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy」
What is the definiton of Play? Many definitions, many theorists...
機經真題題源
- Surplus-Energy Theory (64-67)
o "Blowing off steam"
o Schiller (1759-1805) expressed the idea with his definition of play:
§ Play is defined as 「the aimless expenditure of exuberant energy」
o compares humans to animals
§ 「the contention is that the playing animal has more energy that he needs for sustenance, reproduction and defense. This he expresses in play. Play activities are those which do not subserve serious life needs.」 65
§ 「The theory handles the play of children by contending that young animals, because they are protected and fed by parents, use none of their energies and are thus free to play all the time, and children, being similarly free from economic pressure, do likewise.」 65
- The Recreation Theory
o 「based on the sound principle that a certain amount of rest and sleep is necessary, but beyond that a change to an active and interesting occupation is more restful than complete idleness.」 68
o 「Play recuperates and restores the mentally tired.」 68
- The Instinct-Practice Theory
o Karl Groos
§ Instinct is the motivating factor of play. He wrote two doctrines
‧ Play is so important an element in the training of the higher animals and man that nature provides a long period of immaturity to give an opportunity for it.
‧ Play arises in each young individual from the appearance of certain very important instincts before he has serious need of them. 73
- The recapitulation Theory
o G. Stanley Hall
o 「Play as the result of biological inheritance.」 74
o 「As skills were developed and cultural forms achieved, the capacity for them was passed to the offspring.」 75
- The Catharsis Theory
o Aristotle
o 「Maintains that play is a safety valve for pent-up emotions.」 77
o 「Play has a cathartic effect, ridding the individual of distressing emotions.」 78
「If you wish to cultivate intelligence, cultivate the powers it should rule…exercise the body continually…let the pupil be a man in vigor and soon he will become one in reason.」 -Rousseau
Physical Benefits of Play
Circulation is increased throughout the entire body, or through the part being exercised.
Big muscle activity increases the demand for oxygen, and thus causes an increased respiratory activity, with the resulting increase in the rate of oxygenation of the blood, increased rate of elimination of the carbon dioxide, and increased oxygen supply to the tissues.
Exercise stimulates the excretory system, and increases the elimination of waste through kidneys, lungs, intestines and skin.
Digestion is improved and assimilation is accelerated by exercise.
Big muscle activity stimulates growth and for the growing child is absolutely essential.
The heart is strengthened by the exercise of the skeletal muscles of the body.
The muscles of the body are directly developed by physical activity.
Rational exercise results in increased neural activity, and neuromuscular control, which develops skill, accuracy, endurance, agility and strength.
閱讀主要觀點提取
總論點：有三個理論可以用來解釋為什麼動物會玩耍。
理論一：精力過剩理論（surplus energy theory）。一些動物通過食物獲取的能量會有剩餘，所以它們需要通過玩耍來釋放多餘的能力。
理論二：本能理論（instinct-practice theory）。動物玩的行為是天生的，一些動物在玩耍的時候會有一些攻擊和咬的行為，而這些行為在它們捕獵的時候是必不可少的。
理論三：社交理論（social functions theory）。動物玩耍是為了和它們群體中的其它成員建立聯繫。
理論一：精力過剩理論（surplus energy theory）。一些動物通過食物獲取的能量會有剩餘，所以它們需要通過玩耍來釋放多餘的能力。
理論二：本能理論（instinct-practice theory）。動物玩的行為是天生的，一些動物在玩耍的時候會有一些攻擊和咬的行為，而這些行為在它們捕獵的時候是必不可少的。
理論三：社交理論（social functions theory）。動物玩耍是為了和它們群體中的其它成員建立聯繫。
聽力主要觀點提取
總論點：閱讀中的三個理論都是錯誤的（false）。
分論點一：一些海洋生物，如海豹（seals）。幼小的海豹經常需要餓好幾天才能吃到媽媽從遠處帶回來的食物。這沒有吃的那幾天中，幼小的海豹是沒有多餘的能量的。然而，它們還是會玩耍。
分論點二：有一些動物即使不玩耍也能學會捕獵的技能。研究人員做了一個實驗，兩組貓，一組讓它們玩耍，另一組不讓它們玩。然而結果顯示，那些有過玩耍經歷的貓長大後捕獵的技能並沒有十分突出。
分論點三：動物在和群體成員建立聯繫並不一定需要通過玩耍。當老鼠年老不再玩耍的時候，它們仍然可以建立social bonds。
分論點一：一些海洋生物，如海豹（seals）。幼小的海豹經常需要餓好幾天才能吃到媽媽從遠處帶回來的食物。這沒有吃的那幾天中，幼小的海豹是沒有多餘的能量的。然而，它們還是會玩耍。
分論點二：有一些動物即使不玩耍也能學會捕獵的技能。研究人員做了一個實驗，兩組貓，一組讓它們玩耍，另一組不讓它們玩。然而結果顯示，那些有過玩耍經歷的貓長大後捕獵的技能並沒有十分突出。
分論點三：動物在和群體成員建立聯繫並不一定需要通過玩耍。當老鼠年老不再玩耍的時候，它們仍然可以建立social bonds。
而，10/28 閱讀The Western Roman Empire in the Fifth Century 命中字神7/8月閱讀真經班
（重複2016.09.03，2015.07.12，2014.11.08）
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