2017年12月02日亞太SAT真題機經與範文分享
這次寫作真題的出處：The Problem With Second - Hand Clothes
by Tansy E Hoskins
http://www.businessinsider.com/the-problem-with-second-hand-clothes-2013-11
Macklemore's hugely popular anthem 「Thrift Shop,」 which has been viewed over 450 milliontimes on YouTube, is a cheeky tribute to the joys of shopping on the cheap,featuring mountains of second-hand coats, sweaters, jackets, jeans, jumpsuits,dresses, shoes and shirts.
Onthe surface, the recycling of used clothes, often charitably donated, means oldgarments don't go to waste, while new owners get a bargain. It seems like a「win-win」 situation that couldn't be more ethically sound. And as the Christmasseason approaches, millions of Westerners will soon flock to charity shops todonate their second-hand clothes.
Buton closer inspection, the reselling of clothes is more complex than one mightthink, posing difficult questions for those hoping to do good by donating theirold clothes.
Contraryto its homespun image, the second-hand clothing industry is dominated by whatDr Andrew Brooks and Prof David Simon at the University of London have called「hidden professionalism.」 The majority of donated clothing is sold tosecond-hand clothing merchants, who sort garments, then bundle them in balesfor resale, usually outside the country in which the clothing was originallydonated.
Onekey market is sub-Saharan Africa, where a third of all globally donated clothesare sold. In a paper entitled 「Unravelling the Relationships betweenUsed-Clothing Imports and the Decline of African Clothing Industries,」 Brooksand Simon quote a representative of UK-based anti-poverty organisation OxfamWastesaver, who states that 300 bales of second-hand clothing can be sold inAfrica for around £25,000 (about $40,000 at current exchange rates), whiletransport costs are just £2,000. Even taking into account the costs of thingslike collection and processing, these numbers suggest that the selling ofsecond-hand clothing can be a lucrative affair, especially as the clothingbeing sold has often been charitably donated for free. While exact figures arescarce, in 2009, used clothing exports from OECD countries were worth $1.9billion, according to the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database.
Butit's not just the 「hidden professionalism」 of the used clothing business — andthe resulting gap between costs and resale prices — that hurts markets likesub-Saharan Africa. The flood of castoffs collected via second-hand clothingschemes (along with the rise of cheap Chinese apparel imports) have also helpedto undermine Africa's own fledgling textiles and clothing manufacturingindustry, says Cambridge economist Ha-Joon Chang.
Thesecond-hand clothing market has a negative impact in donor markets, as well.Consumers in the global North throw away vast quantities of clothing everyyear. In the UK, for example, people dump 1.4 million tonnes of clothing intolandfills, annually. To combat dumping, charities and local governments haveincreasingly instituted clothing recycling programmes. But, ultimately,recycling tackles the symptom not the cause — and gives consumers a false senseof security that the rate at which they are consuming and disposing of clothingis at all sustainable.
Thetruth is, 「fast fashion」 is a deeply unsustainable model. And by emphasisingrecycling rather than tackling the root cause of why people continue to buy anddispose of larger and larger quantities of lighter, thinner and less well-madeclothing, consumers are reassured that they can continue shopping as normal.
「There is now this notion that fashion is just acommodity, and that we are just consumers,」 laments Dilys Williams, director ofthe Centre for Sustainable Fashion at the London College of Fashion. 「Itdoesn't do justice to us or to fashion. Fashion should be about cherishingclothes and creating an identity, [but today it's] based on constant adrenalinand the excitement of purchasing. There is no anticipation or dreaming. Nothinglasts or is looked after. We each have a mini-landfill in our closets.」
But why stop and think when the charity shop or recycling bank is there to take care of the mess?
寫作範文
In the essay titled 「The Trouble with Second-hand Clothes」, Tansy Hoskins unveils the harms lurking in the clothing industry when it comes to donating used clothes. To make her point more convincing, the author has employed a number of tactics such as a clear reasoning, sufficient exemplification and a colloquial language style.To start with, the logic of this essay is manifest enough. By depicting how people normally view the industry of donating second-hand clothes, the essay easily wins the readers' support at the beginning. Yet, after the first glance at the industry is cast, the author goes on to explore the topic at a considerable depth. The seemingly win-win situation is, as a matter of fact, a much more complicated issue than what people have taken for granted. And closely follows that claim, Tansy points out that the donation of used clothes does much more harm than good. It has become an easy means to make profits for those insiders who have exploited 「hidden professionalism」 as it is extremely lucrative when the clothing is exported and sold in less developed regions like sub-Saharan Africa. The cheaply imported apparel also threatens the development of local textile industries. It even does harm to the home markets where such clothes are donated as it encourages people to continue shopping new clothes, which is highly unsustainable.In other words, as Tansy sees it, nobody but the professional merchants involved in second-hand clothing industry is the true winner.It is by no means easy to set people's misconception right, and the author provides a good number of examples. Concrete numbers from reliable sources is provided when it comes to the volume of the second-hand clothing trade in Africa. 300 bales of used clothing can be sold for about 25,000 pounds and the shipping cost is around 2,000 pounds, which suggests that the profit margin is considerable as such clothes are donated by kind-hearted people in hopes of helping the needy. And as the UN database shows, 「used clothing exports from OECD countries were worth $1.9 billion」 in 2009. Such strong evidences are powerful enough to convince readers of her points. Quotations from other experts such as Cambridge economist Ha-Joon Chang, Dilys Williams, director of the Centre for Sustainable Fashion at the London College of Fashion have also been cited to help reset people's notion of the industry.Another persuasive element involved is the writer's colloquialism, making the essay easy to follow and adding readability. The author approaches the topic with a reference to a hugely popular song called 「Thrift Shop」 which has been viewed by millions of people, which is a 「cheeky tribute to the joys of shopping on the cheap. Word-picture such as 「mountains of second-hand coats, sweaters, jackets, jeans, jumpsuits, dresses, shoes and shirts」 are serving as a hint foreshadowing the later argument of money-making industry. The second paragraph continues with the easy-flow style of the language, narrating the seemingly innocent industry as a 「win-win」 situation as recycling second-hand clothes means 「old garments don't go to waste, while new owners get a bargain」. Yet, later, readers will realize that people's good intentions have been made to the interest of second-hand clothing merchants as well as clothing factories, and people continue buying fashion as normal without realizing what problems their act has caused. Also, the last sentence of the essay, which is a rhetorical question in form, helps reiterate what has been proposed, inviting people to think twice before buying more clothes. By asking 「But why stop and think when the charity shop or recycling bank is there to take care of the mess?」, the author suggests that people should clean their messy closets and buy less than they are doing.To sum up, Tansy has researched deeply into this issue and made her point with the help of a clear reasoning, sufficient exemplification and a vividly colloquialism.
下面是2017年12月亞太SAT考情回顧。
閱讀部分
文學作品節選自Maya's notebook, 是智利女作家Isabel Allende寫於2011年的小說。此次節選的段落主要描述了Maya的爺爺（popo)奶奶如何相遇的故事。理科宅男天才+日常生活白痴的爺爺深受非洲祖先部落占星學的影響，決意探尋失落之星。他來到智利，想要利用當地良好的地理位置和氣候條件觀星。在此遇到了開滴滴專車陪同的奶奶，一段浪漫就此萌芽。在天然呆的爺爺還懵懂無知的時候，堅定自信的奶奶早已一眼看穿天文學死宅的本質。
第一篇小說
小說第一題考文章不同兩處的illusive的作用（6和64行），答案應該是draw a parallel...
考了有四道沒有行號的細節題：
第三題問作者認為男主人公如何。文章提到關鍵詞eminence（傑出），所以對應選項的academic accomplishment。其他干擾選項包括challengelonglasting theory都比較離譜。
第四題問到關於M theory的問題，應該選shepherd care for flock）
第五題問到為什麼要去智利，文章說智利天空清晰且能看到一些南半球的星系。所以答案是optimal circumstances for observation。
小說中的循證還考了一道文章說happen in novel ,選項是not happen in real world。只要找到這塊是文章和選項對應就沒問題。
最後一題問女孩比男孩更怎麼樣，答案應該是assured and decisive。
歷史篇章則節選自John Rushkin的the stones of venice，在發表於1851到1853年的這本建築學著作中，CB節選了討論工業革命之後，大規模工業生產dehumanize了工人，人淪落為工具，創意淪為標準化精確生產。而作者希望抑制這種趨勢，大家更多的去購買有創意有藝術性的作品。
You must either make a tool of the creature, or a man of him. You cannot make both.Men were not intended to work with the accuracy of tools, to be precise andperfect in all their actions. If you will have that precision out of them, andmake their fingers measure degrees like cogwheels, and their arms strike curveslike compasses, you must unhumanize them. All the energy of their spirits mustbe given to make cogs and compasses of themselves....
第二篇歷史
第一題是一個主旨題。對應選項應該是dehumanized workers 那個選項。
中間有一題問Why does the author mention manufacturing city, 應該選 the city place more products than human。
其中還有一道循證題問作者對於mass production的看法。看法就是efficiently produce useful products，證據在轉折句前半句。
詞彙題：end選goal,broad選general
帶圖的科學類文章節選自Ed Young的Moth remembers what they learn as caterpillars。開頭提到的研究主題是毛毛蟲的記憶在成年期可能依舊存在。喬治敦大學的Douglas Blackiston對此進行了一項新研究，訓練毛毛蟲避開乙酸乙酯的味道。結論是77%的成年蛾子依然記得去避開乙酸乙酯的氣味。之後研究者排除了兩種其他可能的解釋，確信的確是毛毛蟲時期的神經系統會保留到成年，而且毛毛蟲需要在結繭之前的最後一個階段受訓才會記得。後面兩段描述了毛毛蟲記憶的生物原理。文章最後一段解釋了保持這種記憶的用途。
The transformation from caterpillar to butterfly or moth is one of the mostbeguiling in the animal world. Both larva and adult are just stages in the lifeof a single animal, but are nonetheless completely separated in appearance,habitat and behaviour. The imagery associated with such change is inescapablybeautiful, and as entrancing to a poet as it is to a biologist.Accordingto popular belief, within the pupa, the caterpillar's body is completely overhauled,broken down into a form of soup and rebuilt into a winged adult.RichardBuckmister Fuller once said that 「there is nothing in a caterpillar that tellsyou it's going to be a butterfly.」 Indeed, as the butterfly or moth quiteliterally flies off into a new world, it is tempting to think that there is noconnection between its new life and its old existence as an eatingmachine.Butnot so. A new study has provided strong evidence that the larval and adultstages are not as disparate as they might seem. Adult tobacco hookworms –a species of moth – can remember things that it learned as a caterpillar, whichmeans that despite the dramatic nature of metamorphosis, some elements of theyoung insect's nervous system remain intact through the process.Usingsome mild electric shocks, Douglas Blackiston fromGeorgetown University trained hookworm caterpillars (Manduca sexta) to avoid the scent of a simple organic chemical –ethyl acetate. The larvae were then placed in the bottom end of a Y-shapedtube, with the scent of ethyl acetate wafting down one arm and fresh air comingdown the other. Sure enough, 78% of the trained caterpillars inched down theodour-free arm.Asthe caterpillar moulted their way through the larval stage, their aversion toethyl acetate remained. Blackiston allowed them to pupate and emerge asfull-grown moths, before testing them again, about a month after their initial『electric' education. Bear in mind that a tobacco hornworm lives for about 30to 50 days, so a month is very close to its entire lifespan.Amazingly,77% of the adult moths also avoided the ethyl acetate-scented arm of theY-shaped tube and the vast majority of these were the adult versions of thesame larvae that had correctly learned the behaviour originally. Clearly, thelarvae had learned to avoid the chemical and that memory carried over intoadulthood.Evenso, Blackiston was careful to rule out alternative explanations. For a start,ethyl acetate isn't naturally foul-smelling. It's actually rather reminiscentof pear drops and when larvae are exposed to it in the absence of electricshocks, neither they nor the adults they become learn to avoid it.Anotherpossible explanation hinges on the fact that adults emerging from the pupausually experience a similar milieu of smells to their caterpillar selves.Thischemical legacy' could explain why adults and larvae react similarly to someodours. But when Blackiston applied ethyl acetate gel to the pupae of untrainedcaterpillars, the adults did not shrink away from the chemical. Nor did washingthe pupae of trained caterpillars, to get rid of any lingering traces of ethylacetate, have any effect.Blackistonwas convinced that some aspect of the caterpillar' nervous system was carriedover into adulthood. However, he also found that this only happened ifcaterpillars are trained at the last possible stage before they pupate – the『fifth instar'. Any earlier, and the memories don't stick.Thefruitfly Drosophila suggestswhy this might happen. In its brain, memories of smells are located in mushroombodies, brain structures that consist of three lobes. The gamma lobe developsvery early while the alpha and beta lobes develop just before the pupal stage.Blackistonthinks that long-lasting larval memories are writ into the alpha and betalobes, whose neural networks are kept around while the rest of the caterpillarbreaks down. If the larvae are too young, these areas haven't developed yet andany learned information is stored in the gamma lobe and lost when itsconnections are trimmed back in the pupa.Butwhy bother? After all, the entire advantage of metamorphosis rests on the verydifferent lifestyles and habitats of caterpillars and moths, which allow themto avoid competing with each other. Nonetheless, moths and butterflies muststill return to the right sort of plant in order to lay their eggs andBlackiston suggests that their larva-hood memories may help them to do so.
兩道詞彙題，aspect選part，Forms選kind，其他選項為style,component, method。
尋證題：毛毛蟲對某個association的負面反應，證據在第四段。
細節題：在野外的毛毛蟲對ethyl沒反應
細節題：做這個研究的意義在於？答案為moth在做其他活動的時候也能應用這項技能。
兩道圖表題，兩個圖。五種設計：無刺激，只有氣味，只有電擊，在第三階段電擊，在第五階段電擊，第一個圖是毛毛蟲在五種設計中避開氣味的比例，第二圖是moth。圖表題第二題是選majority的moth都可以記得氣味刺激。
社科類文章
社科文章節選自Pam FrostGordor的Look, something shiny! How color images caninfluence consumers。文章開頭就引入了俄亥俄州立大學的研究結論，當商品以彩色方式呈現，人們會注意到小的細節。而當商品以黑白呈現，人們才會關注其實用屬性，包括成本和功能。後面具體描述了研究的設計和過程，以及對這種現象的解釋。
COLUMBUS, Ohio—When it comes tobuying things, our brains can't see the big, black-and-white forest for all thetiny, colorful trees.That's the conclusion of astudy at The Ohio State University, which found that people who were shownproduct images in color were more likely to focus on small product details—evensuperfluous ones—instead of practical concerns such as cost andfunctionality.The findings, published in the Journal of Consumer Research, mesh well with notions of how vision evolved inthe brain, and suggest that viewing objects in black and white helps our brainsfocus on what's most important.「Color images help us noticedetails,」 said Xiaoyan Deng, an author of the study andassistant professor of marketing at Ohio State. 「Butblack-and-white images let us see the 『big picture' without getting bogged downby those details.」The findings also suggest howmarketers can strategically use color—or its absence—to change how we feelabout a product.「Marketers may take it forgranted that color is always the best presentation format for advertising,」Deng added. 「This study shows that while color is desirable in most situations,it's not desirable in all situations.」If a product has broad featuresthat set it apart from the competition, then black-and-white images will helpcustomers cast aside minor details and focus on those key features, theresearchers found. If a product's details are what set it apart, color imageswill make those details stand out.In one part of the study, 94college students were asked to imagine that they were traveling to a remotecampsite where they could receive only one radio station. There, the campsitemanager offered two radios for rent: a basic analog radio for $10 a day, or afancy digital radio with many station preset buttons for $18 a day. Not onlywas the digital radio more expensive, but its preset buttons would be uselessat the campsite.Students who saw pictures ofthe radios in black and white tended to make the practical choice—the analogradio. Only 25 percent chose the digital radio.But among students who saw theradios in color, twice as many chose the digital radio. In that scenario, 50percent of students were willing to pay a higher price for a radio withfeatures that they could not use.「Color drew their focus awayfrom the most important features to the less important features, and theirchoice shifted to the more expensive radio,」 Deng said. 「I think that'ssurprising—that just by manipulating whether the product presentation is incolor or black and white, we can affect people's choice.」Color also proved to be adistraction when study participants were asked to sort objects into groups. Theresearchers recruited people through Amazon Mechanical Turk, a service thatprovides online study participants.The 287 participants were shownpictures of shoes and asked to sort them. Each grouping contained two types ofshoes that differed greatly in form and function, such as open-toe high heelsand rain boots. In that particular example, half of the high heels and theboots were a solid red color, and the other half were red with white polkadots.When people viewed the shoes inblack and white, they sorted the high heels into one group and the rain bootsinto another 97 percent of the time. But when they saw the shoes in color, thatnumber dropped to 89 percent, with 11 percent sorting the solid-color highheels and boots into one group and the polka-dot heels and boots into another.The polka dots were clearlyvisible in black and white, but they had more impact on participants'decision-making when they were seen in color.Study co-author Kentaro Fujita, associate professor of psychology at Ohio State, has an idea why. It has to dowith the origin of our visual systems, and how our brains process night vision.Of the light-sensitive rod and cone structures in the retina, it's the cones that detectcolor and the rods that give us night vision, peripheral vision and motiondetection. Rods outnumber cones in the eye 20 to 1, and at night, when thecones don't receive enough light to let us distinguish colors properly, we relyon the rods to see what's happening around us—in black and white.This would have been especiallytrue for early humans, who didn't have sources of artificial light. At night,being able to tell the difference between objects by shape would have been keyto survival.「Our visual systems evolved towork in both optimal and suboptimal conditions,」 Fujita explained. 「Optimalconditions might be during the day, when I want to distinguish a red apple froma not-so-red apple. The form of the object tells me it's an apple, but I canfocus on the color because that's what's important to me. Suboptimal conditionsmight be at night, when I have to tell whether that object that's moving towardme is my friend or a hungry lion. Then the form of the object is critical.」He suspects that when our eyessee black-and-white images, our brains interpret them in ways similar to nightvision: We focus on form and function, and tend to ignore details.
開頭考到作者用了哪種evidence，選experimental results 選項有previous studies。
細節：彩色和黑白會讓人注意到differentcharacteristics。
尋證題：marketers一開始的假設是，答案是大家更喜歡彩色，證據是take it for granted那句話。
段落作用：中級幾段是為了描述design&results ofthe experiment
詞彙題：manipulating選control distinguish選perceive
兩張圖表：圖一是在彩色中人們注意primary feature和secondary feature的比例。圖二中黑白色。兩張圖的primary都比secondary高。兩題是關於圖表的。最後一題圖表問到了這一點。
自然科學
自然科學雙篇，第一篇節選自society of plant signaling and behavior的學術論文，認為植物可以學習和記憶。第二篇是MichaelPollan發表於紐約客的文章，標題是the intelligent plant。文章中提到了多位科學家對於植物神經的質疑。UCSC的科學家Taiz提到植物根本就沒有真正的神經系統，可能都是化學或電流通路。耶魯的Slaymen更為直白，認為相信所謂植物神經的都是瘋子。
Many plant scientists have pushed back hard against the nascentfield, beginning with a tart, dismissive letter in response to the Brennermanifesto, signed by thirty-six prominent plant scientists (Alpi et al., in theliterature) and published in Trendsin Plant Science. 「We begin by stating simply that there is no evidence forstructures such as neurons, synapses or a brain in plants,」 the authors wrote.No such claim had actually been made—the manifesto had spoken only of「homologous」 structures—but the use of the word 「neurobiology」 in the absenceof actual neurons was apparently more than many scientists could bear.「Yes, plants have both short- and long-term electricalsignalling, and they use some neurotransmitter-like chemicals as chemicalsignals,」 Lincoln Taiz, an emeritus professor of plant physiology at U.C. SantaCruz and one of the signers of the Alpi letter, told me. 「But the mechanismsare quite different from those of true nervous systems.」 Taiz says that thewritings of the plant neurobiologists suffer from 「over-interpretation of data,teleology, anthropomorphizing, philosophizing, and wild speculations.」 He isconfident that eventually the plant behaviors we can't yet account for will beexplained by the action of chemical or electrical pathways, without recourse to「animism.」 Clifford Slayman, a professor of cellular and molecular physiologyat Yale, who also signed the Alpi letter (and who helped discredit Tompkins andBird), was even more blunt. 」 『Plant intelligence' is a foolishdistraction, not a new paradigm,」 he wrote in a recent e-mail. Slayman hasreferred to the Alpi letter as 「the last serious confrontation between thescientific community and the nuthouse on these issues.」 Scientists seldom usesuch language when talking about their colleagues to a journalist, but thisissue generates strong feelings, perhaps because it smudges the sharp lineseparating the animal kingdom from the plant kingdom. The controversy is lessabout the remarkable discoveries of recent plant science than about how tointerpret and name them: whether behaviors observed in plants which look verymuch like learning, memory, decision-making, and intelligence deserve to becalled by those terms or whether those words should be reserved exclusively forcreatures with brains.
詞彙題：refined選precise
尋證題：第二篇作者認為科學家對植物神經的批評是，答案為somewhatmisleading because it misrepresent，證據在第一段後半部分。
交叉題：Taiz如何評價第一篇某幾行，答案是認為這些可以由化學和電子方向解釋不是植物神經。
交叉題：第二篇科學家如何評價第一篇，選unscientific
文法部分
文法部分難度適中。
第一篇文章講socialnetworking site被用來僱傭員工，效果非常好，招募到理想人才，跟潛在的合適員工建立聯繫。考題比較基礎。
第二篇的內容關於一個人致力於提高African American history 在學校教育中的重要性，開辦了一些活動，逐漸受到了越來越多人的支持，並且產生了持續的後續積極影響。
第三篇關於一種能量很強的射線，不同於其他普通射線，這裡考了句間關係詞on the other hand 。該篇目中也考了詞彙accomplice, ally conspirator。圖表題考到了日本的信息，表格中有兩條信息都關於日本，數據不一樣，根據下文能確定是231，要細心。
第四篇的主要內容是Vemeer的畫作非常真實，以至於讓兩本書的兩個作者懷疑是否用了aid，這裡除了所有格題。然後有個人就去探究到底用了什麼方法，按照研究順序一步步確定了V使用的方法是camera obscura，類似於小孔成像，文章中具體介紹了這種方法的使用。
該篇有詞彙題acquainted with, familiarize with,pore。基礎語法考點覆蓋了平行結構，主謂一致，名詞單複數，所有格，標點符號中的逗號和破折號用法。
文法部分耗時相對多一些，尤其是增刪信息題，兩個刪掉或者增加的理由要結合文章內容仔細看，理解了就不容易錯。符合平時的做題套路。邏輯關係詞，過渡句，總結題，合併句子也都在考查範圍內。
所以最重要的六套北美題，老師都會加入字神SAT課程中哦。
歡迎加入字神帝國SAT最強團隊：http://bit.ly/2APsSpJ
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